| Missing Element | Solution | Reference Entry | In-Text Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nothing - All elements are present | Provide the author, date, title, and source of the work. | Author. (Date). Title. Source. |
(Author, year) Author (year) |
| Author | Provide the title, date, and source. | Title. (Date). Source. |
(Title, year) Title (year) |
| Date | Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the title and source. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
(Author, n.d.) Author (n.d.) |
| Title | Provide the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. | Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, year) Author (year) |
| Author & Date | Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source. | Title. (n.d.). Source. |
(Title, n.d.) Title (n.d.) |
| Author & Title | Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the date and source. | [Description of work]. (Date). Source. |
([Description of work], year) [Description of work] (year) |
| Date & Title | Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source. |
Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, n.d.) Author (n.d.) |
| Author, Date & Title | Describe the work in square brackets, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source. | [Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. |
([Description of work], n.d.) [Description of work] (n.d.) |
| Source | Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite (see the Publication Manual for more information). | No reference list entry |
(C. C. Communicator, personal communication, month day, year) C. C. Communicator (personal communication, month day, year) |
American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed.), p. 284 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000).
©Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information